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Hamlet As Seen Through The Feminist Critical Lens

Hamlet As Seen Through the Feminist Critical Lens As stated by Tim Gillespie in his text Doing Literary Criticism, the concept of literary criticism is the field of â€Å"interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating† literary works. Thus, literary criticism is not objective; rather, it varies subjectively depending on the critic and the lens, or school, they choose to view the work of literature through. Though the actual content of literature is of extreme importance, the way it is approached is of nearly equal magnitude, as varying approaches open new and insightful views texts previously regarded as static. The feminist lens is one major school of literary criticism. The feminist school has various goals when being used to scrutinize a piece of literature. As Gillespie points out, historically texts were written by males with primarily male protagonists, and thus, the male sentiment is most dominantly expressed in many works of literature. The lessened representation of women in literature is usually confined to typical stereotypes of the historical period. This can be seen in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, and this will be further explored and discussed. Through the feminist lens, women’s presence and portrayal in the play, as well as the common stereotypes about women in Shakespearean society, can be studied carefully, despite the centuries that have passed between the play’s conception and the present. Additionally, as stated in Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses,Show MoreRelatedThe And Human Nature s Love For Categorization1011 Words   |  5 Pagesmay be unfair to the work itself. Due to the complexity of literature, and human nature’s love for categorization, we started looking at pieces of literature through â€Å"critical lenses†. The lenses help us narrow down the aspects of our criticism, effectively categorizing them. For example, there are four main critical lenses: Marxist, Feminist, Psychoanalytic al, and Archetypal. Each of the four has a unique set of aspects it analyzes, but all have one thing in common, they help find the underlyingRead MoreHamlet: a Feminist Approach Essay examples1224 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: A Feminist Approach Sexism: the belief or attitude that one sex is inherently superior to, more competent than, or more valuable than the other (most commonly used for male superiority). This idea that women are weak is not a new one in the modern world. It has been studied for countless years along with the concept of a patriarchal society. A patriarchy is defined as a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. Such systems currently

Economic Impact of London Luton Airport Free Essays

string(23) " Ryanair and Wizz Air\." Abstract The current report assesses the extent to which airport management is attempting to increase the positive economic impacts of airport operations and to make recommendations for future improvements in this area. Through a critical assessment of London Luton Airport with regards to certain foundational constructs regarding direct, indirect and induced impacts, it is clear that there is a strong reliance on commercial activities of an airport in ensuring that economic impacts are maintained and therefore in increasing these operations will have the effect of increasing the economic impact. This may necessitate an reconsideration of airline partnerships with the airport in order to increase traffic through the airport itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Impact of London Luton Airport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Impact on Surrounding Areas Managing the economic impacts of airports necessitates the development of policies which will assist and manage the impacts. Policies that have been developed to assist the management of economic impacts associated with airport operation and development include transport policies, planning policy, aviation policy and general economic policy. These policies will be used to position the airport within the existing economy by allowing for access and management of the economic impacts with regards to integration into the existing transport system, managing the commercial and residential development around the airport and recognition of the associated social benefits of airport activity (ACI, 2004). It is against these policies that one can analyse the associated economic benefits of London Luton Airport (LLA). The economic impact of airports in general, as well as those applicable to LLA includes direct, indirect, induced and catalytic impacts. Broadly, there are a number of categories of impacts that one can observe in attempting to account for the economic impact, namely revenue impact, employment impacts, personal income impact, and tax impacts (TRB, 2008). These impacts are as a result of the fact that airports are large generators of economic activity and as such, the commercial activity associated therewith provides a significant opportunity for micro- and macroeconomic growth (Graham, 2008). The wider catalytic benefits include the contribution that these factors make to broader economic activity, such as inward economic development and the development of the tourism industry. It is clear that LLA does contribute to these broader catalytic benefits, however the focus of the current report will not consider these impacts as they are difficult to measure due to the prevalence of touri sm in the Greater London area. The prevalence of London as a tourist destination is renowned globally and therefore isolating the impact of LLA on these economic indicators is difficult to measure. An easily observable economic impact of LLA is the direct revenue generation opportunities that it provides to the local economy. As a result of airport operations there are significant opportunities available for direct business expenditure on goods and services with these profits likely to be reinvested in the local community (Halcrow, 2010). This impact is extended to the broader community by a multiplier effect of this income generated by the spending of this income by local employees and businesses (CDM Smith, 2012). This multiplier effect is an induced impact as it is a result of a supply chain creation within this community. This therefore extends to anyone within the up- or downward supply chain of these business enterprises and the employees thereof. This direct revenue income is a result of increased wages and salaries paid to employees, direct business expenditure, direct profits and revenue resulting from the multiplier effect (Halcrow, 2010). The most easily measurable economic impact of any airport is employment, as an airport provides a variety of different levels of employment opportunities. Employment exists on many different levels to a variety of stakeholders, including direct employment as a result of airport activities measured as 4,100 employees in 2011 (LLA, 2011), indirect employment, induced and related employment (TRB, 2008). The economic impact of increased employment opportunities through LLA extends to a wide-variety of stakeholders at various levels of business enterprise and across all sectors, including on- and off-site employment. The government or State is also a large beneficiary in terms of economic impact of LLA, as it receives income based on the business operations of the airport in the form of business and personal taxes paid (Halcrow, 2010). In addition to business taxes, enterprises are required to pay rates on their properties which provided an income of ?19.8mil in 2010 to the State. Air passenger tax also provides a source of income for the State as Civil Aviation Agency provides different passenger duty costs for different kinds of passengers. In 2010, the State received ?144mil revenue from air passenger tax (Halcrow, 2010). These are direct impacts as they would cease to exist if LLA no longer operated. It is evident therefore that LLA is a major generator of economic activity in the local area, providing significant opportunities for the expansion of current enterprise and the resultant employment and revenue opportunities that this provides, as well as a useful and important source of revenue for the central government. Direct, indirect and induced impacts of LLA are inclusive of a broad range of stakeholders providing important revenue generation and an overall increase in economic activity as a result of their operations. Airport Management Policies LLA is a publicly owned company with Airport Concessions Development Ltd. (ACDL) as the majority shareholder. ACDL owns and operates 47 other airports around the world and have extensive experience in airport management (LLA, 2013). It stands to reason therefore that the experience of managing policies for maximum economic impact implemented at LLA would be an extension of the knowledge and experience gained in the course of business. With rising fuel costs affecting the affordability of travel options, low-cost airlines have become increasingly prevalent with the adoption of a low-cost model whereby airlines negotiate significantly lower aeronautical charges with airports seeking to make up the shortfall in revenue with increased passenger volumes expected from offering lower-airline fees (Frances, et al., 2004). LLA has introduced three major low-cost airlines into their business model, namely easyJet, Ryanair and Wizz Air. You read "Economic Impact of London Luton Airport" in category "Essay examples" Initially the aeronautical charges were given in a format whereby easyJet, as the principle low-cost airline, paid a reduced rate per passenger that came through the airport. However, when Barclays became a shareholder in LLA it was reported that the financial performance of the airport was adversely affected by this negotiation (Ibid). This was then adjusted so that the low-cost airlines qualified for the reduced aeronautical charges, where after the charges are reduced according to the passenger volumes. In addition to the increase in passenger volumes through low-cost airline negotiation, there was a significant shift in management focus to increase the overall income per passenger and between 1995 and 2001, this was achieved through doubling the retail space in the LLA airport terminal (Ibid). This is a realisation by the marketing strategy of LLA that the majority of airport revenues are not generated by aeronautical charges (Castillo-Manzano, 2010). Jarach (2010; p.2) notes that the extent of the economic impact of an airport will be a result of factors such as the type of visitor (business or tourist), the type of scheduled service (international, domestic and long-haul flights), the magnitude and origin of charter operations, the relative isolation of the airport and the availability of other modes of transport. This highlights a shift in perspective of the airport as part of the air transport pipeline, rather than focusing on airlines as the primary customer of the airport, re venue generation is now concentrated on attracting retail customers (Jarach, 2001). Expectations as to the levels of income that can be expected through the support goods and services in the airport allows the airport to make accurate predictions on the income expected for the airport as an operation and to negotiate aeronautical charges based on these predictions (Frances, et al., 2004). As a result of the increased importance of concession revenue (resulting from commercial operations), revenue sharing arrangements are also becoming increasingly popular agreements between airports and airlines, although research indicates that often airports would rather replace the airline than enter into such agreements (Zhang, et al., 2010). The marketing strategy therefore of LLA has been redirected in recent years to ensure that concession revenues are increased, with reports that the reliance on low-cost airlines for the majority of passengers based on a reduced charge has had an adverse effect on the financial outlook of the airport (Frances, et al., 2004). The Financial Report of LLA (2012) for the end of 2011 indicated that the revenue from commercial activities and from aeronautical charges was relatively equal indicating that there is a large reliance on commercial activities to supplement the income of the airport itself (see table below). In addition, there is a continuous assessment and commitment by the management of the airport to improving facilities and providing additional services to the visitors on a consistent basis (LLA, 2011). IncomeYear Ended 31 December 2011 (? ,000)Year Ended 31 December 2010 (?,000) Traffic Income50,10045,742 Commercial Income49,67945,287 Tenant Income12,28311,158 TOTAL112,062102,187 (LLA, 2012) Conclusion From the perspective of airport management therefore, the increase in revenue is the primary concern of commercial activities, with regards to both airline traffic revenue and concession revenue. The economic impact of the operations of the airport is an important priority for management, as privately owned airports, such as LLA are profit driven business enterprises. From the financial statement reflecting the revenue income of the airport, it is evident that there need be an increased emphasis on increasing the concession revenues of the airport. Commercial activities in an airport are essential to the financial success of the enterprise (Torres, et al., 2005) and have the potential to contribute to up to 90% of the total income of the airport ((Zhang Zhang, 1997). Currently, LLA is not maximising the potential of the commercial activities of the airport and therefore it is the recommendation of this report that the retail operations and services available at the airport be upgrad ed to allow for significantly more commercial revenue. This will have the impact of ensuring that the revenue of the airport is increased and that there is a greater direct income from these activities, as well as increased employment opportunities through the various direct, indirect and induced impact that this will have. The government income will also be increased according as there will be higher business and personal taxes payable. Increasing the commercial operation of the airport will also necessitate a strategy to ensure greater traffic volumes in the airport terminal itself which can be achieved through the increased participation with airlines through offering revenue-sharing contracts to ensure that higher volumes of passengers are directed through the terminal rather than other neighbouring airports. References Airports Council International (2004) The economic and social impact of airports in Europe. York Aviation: ACI Europe. Castillo-Manzano, J. (2010) Determinants of commercial revenues at airports: Lessons learned from Spanish regional airports. Tourism Management, 31(6), pp. 788 – 796. CDM Smith (2012) The economic impact of commercial airports in 2010. Ohio: CDM Smith. Francis, G., Humphreys, I. Ison, S. (2004) Airports’ perspectives on the growth of low-cost airlines and the remodeling of the airport–airline relationship. Tourism Management, 25(4), pp. 507 – 514. Graham,A. (2008) Managing Airports (3rd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Halcrow (2011) Economic Impact of London Luton Airport. London: Halcrow Jarach, D. (2010) Airport Marketing: Strategies to Cope With the New Millennium Environment. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. Jarach, D. (2010) The evolution of airport management practices: towards a multi-point, multi-service, marketing-driven firm. Journal of Air Transport Management, 7(2,) pp. 119 – 125. London Luton (2012) Airport History. [online] Available on: http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/content/8/226/ [Accessed 28 March 2013]. London Luton Airport Operations Ltd. (2012) Annual Reports and Accounts for the Year Ended 31 December 2011. London: LLA London Luton (2011) Annual Monitoring Report 2011. London: LLA Luton Borough Council Torres, E., Dominguez, J., Valdes, L. Aza, L. (2005) Passenger waiting time in an airport and expenditure carried out in the commercial area. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11, pp. 363–367. Transportation Research Board (2008) Airport Economic Impact Methods and Models. Airport Cooperative Research Program: Synthesis. Zhang, A. Zhang, Y. (1997) Concession revenue and optimal airport pricing. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 33, pp. 287–296. Zhang, A., Fu, X. Yang, H. (2010) Revenue sharing with multiple airlines and airports. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 44(8–9), pp. 944 – 959. How to cite Economic Impact of London Luton Airport, Essay examples

Mental Health Nursing Treatments

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing Treatments. Answer: Introduction: Nursing is a coveted profession dedicated to the provision of quality and optimum healthcare service necessary to maintain health and well being of persons. In general nursing incorporates care giving facilities meant for the individual, family as well as the community and considers a holistic approach for treatments. In the following section discussions will be carried out with respect to the professional attributes and scope of practice relevant to mental health nursing that are distinctive in nature. In order to satisfactorily conduct the professional practice, a thorough understanding and in depth knowledge regarding the existing practices, guidelines, policies and legislations is imperative on the part of the mental health nurses. Promotion of safe nursing practice along with the management of risk in the context of a definite clinical setting is also fostered by means of possession of certain professional skills and competencies by the authorized nurses (Australia Australia, 2 017). Acquisition of relevant skills and reliance on evidence based practice are other prerequisites that evolve through dynamic changes in professional nursing practice. The additional attributes and supportive education in conjunction with proper training normally steer the changes towards the effective and seamless transition of a nursing professional from novice to expert in her practicing domain. Psychiatric nurse education and training are generally provided at the graduate and certificate stages. However nurses having clinical experience as well as nursing bachelors degree are eligible for offering care o the psychiatric patients. Mental health nursing is often synonymously used for psychiatric nursing where the attending professionals are entrusted with the duty of taking care of patients suffering from mental illness or psychological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, psychosis and others. A nurse needs to be qualified enough and possess specialized skills applicable in the mental health sector to perform their responsibilities efficiently. The job profile is very much demanding compared to the other nursing counterparts involved in working for other field of expertise. The chief motto is to facilitate quicker recovery and encourage utilization of effective management strategies to better cope up with the situation. The interpersonal involvement of a nurse with the client in a given nursing scenario is imperative to get an insight into the issues that are bothering the person and subsequently plan suitable nursing interventions. The concept of psychodynamic nursing is fo und to be beneficial in this regard through adoption of certain theories pertaining to mental health such as Interpersonal theory, Psychoanalytic theory, Theory of Moral Development, Cognitive development Theory and others (Townsend, 2014). The rising concerns regarding mental health disorders have increased the demand for mental health nurses across the globe. Among the recovery initiatives pursued by the nurses, establishment of the therapeutic alliance with the patient to offer holistic solutions for patient care is a pivotal necessity. The issues related to social stigma and its outcomes along with the growing popularity of the usage of the evidence based practices are matters of concern in psychological nursing. Further in the pursuit of psychiatric nursing ensure of safety is considered as an important virtue. Standard objectives of mental health nursing encompass protection and promotion of mental health, prevention of mental disorders, recovery and rehabilitation and treatme nt of mental disorders. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human responses and promotion of mental health are carried out by the psychiatric nurses through adoption of psychosocial and neurobiologic theories (Fortinash Worret, 2014). Client handling strategies adopted by the nurses working in the psychiatric setting are more challenging and demanding than other professional interventions. Specific nursing interventions include promotion of clients safety, assisting the client to cope up with stress and emotions along with promotion of clients self esteem. The legal and ethical considerations are to be taken care of by the mental health nurses while engaging in treatment of the psychiatric patients. Personalized treatment modality is a preferred option in case of mental health nursing as the circumstances vary from person to person and depending upon the type of disorder they are suffering from. The mental health illness that are generally treated by the mental health nurses range from trauma or stress related disorders, anxiety and anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive and related disorders, mood disorders and suicidal tendencies, schizophrenia, personality disorders, addiction, eating disorders, somatic sympto m illness, neurodevelopmental disorders, disruptive behavior disorders to cognitive disorders (Videbeck, 2013). Research has revealed that exhibition of favorable attitudes towards the mental illness afflicted persons by the mental health nursing staff often culminate in better recovery outcomes. Employers behavior along with the workplace culture also impact the mental health nurses responses towards mental health patients. Less stigmatized knowledge as well as prior acquaintance with the mental health problem due to its prevalence among family member or friend offer better scope for the nurses to render quality care services and positive attitude (Mrtensson, Jacobsson Engstrm, 2014). Studies have highlighted on the adoption of a relational perspective to assist the professionals in acknowledging the client as a person in understanding life experiences and in the process of connecting to other people. Thus the challenges related to mental health professionals are to be addressed p roperly to mitigate the adversities encountered in professional practice (dny Eriksen et al., 2014). For the purpose of carrying out the nursing practice effectively, certain guidelines have been laid out by the competent authorities. In this context, the national competency standards for the registered nurses put forward by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) may be mentioned. The compliance with the legislations influencing nursing practice and healthcare, working within a professional and ethical nursing framework in addition to an evidence-based framework, participation in continuous professional development pertinent o self and others, performance of a systematic and comprehensive nursing evaluation are some of the recommended guidelines. Adoption of a collaborative interdisciplinary approach, provision of a safe, effective and evidence based nursing care thorough evaluation of the health outcomes, establishment of therapeutic relationship with the client along with proper co-ordination with the interdisciplinary care team to offer holistic nursing care are othe r competency standards stated (nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). Comparison made with respect to the Australian specialty nurse standards with the registered nurses revealed that the specialty nursing staff possesses certain unique capabilities thereby having greater potential in terms of aiding the registered nurses to translate their national practice standards into the context of specialist practice. The Australian College of Mental Health Nurses proposed nine standards of practice that are in line with the NMBA standards and corroborate to the propositions made in the guidelines (Edmonds, Cashin Heartfield, 2016). In fine it may be said, that for the purpose of offering holistic and effective nursing interventions suitable for a particular person, the mental health nurses must possess distinguished skills and attributes that may help them to better their professional practice. References dny Eriksen, K., Arman, M., Davidson, L., Sundfr, B., Karlsson, B. (2014). Challenges in relating to mental health professionals: Perspectives of persons with severe mental illness.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(2), 110-117. Australia, P. O., Australia, W. (2017). Mental Health Nursing.HEALTH, 24. Edmonds, L., Cashin, A., Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse standards with registered nurse standards.International nursing review. Fortinash, K. M., Worret, P. A. H. (2014).Psychiatric mental health nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mrtensson, G., Jacobsson, J. W., Engstrm, M. (2014). Mental health nursing staff's attitudes towards mental illness: an analysis of related factors.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(9), 782-788 Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au,. (2017). AHPRA - National competency standards for the registered nurse. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 29 January 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default. Townsend, M. C. (2014).Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Videbeck, S. (2013).Psychiatric-mental health nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.